In a republic/representative democracy, how do citizens exert power?

In a republic or representative democracy, citizens exert power primarily by electing officials to represent them. This system allows citizens to participate in the government indirectly. When individuals vote for representatives, they are selecting people who align with their values, beliefs, and interests to make decisions on their behalf. This method ensures that governance is conducted by those who are accountable to the electorate, as representatives can be replaced in subsequent elections if they do not fulfill their duties or meet the expectations of the constituents.

In contrast, direct voting on every issue is impractical in large societies, as it would require constant and widespread participation, making it difficult for effective governance. Unrestricted protests and demonstrations can be important forms of expression but do not constitute a formal mechanism by which citizens exert political power; they often serve to influence elected officials rather than replace or select them. Forming a ruling class would undermine the principles of a republic, which are grounded in representation and equality before the law. Thus, the correct understanding of citizen power in this context is rooted in the electoral process that defines a representative democracy.