How does Federalism protect the rights of states?

Federalism protects the rights of states primarily through the creation of a system where powers are shared between state and national governments. This structure allows states to maintain certain powers and responsibilities that are distinct from those of the federal government, ensuring that states have a degree of autonomy in legislative and policy decisions that reflect their unique needs and values.

By establishing a division of authority, federalism empowers states to govern themselves in various areas such as education, transportation, and public safety. This allows for localized governance that can adapt to the specific circumstances and preferences of the state's population. The balance of power inherent in federalism is designed to prevent any one level of government from becoming too dominant, thereby safeguarding state rights and providing a check on federal overreach.

In contrast, other options suggest complete independence or supremacy that would undermine the collaborative nature of federalism. While states can operate with some independence, they are also bound by the framework of federal law, which is not an indication of protecting state rights. Federal laws may have supremacy in specific matters, but this supremacy is balanced by the recognition of state powers, thus emphasizing the importance of shared governance.